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Thursday, September 22, 2011

First Book of Sanskrit - Lesson I - 03

Exercise Page 5 - Solutions

वदामि vadAmi - (I) speak
रक्षसि raxasi - (You) protect
पतति patati - (It) falls
बोधसि bodhasi - (You) understand
सरसि sarasi - (You) move
नयामि nayAmi - (I) lead
वससि vasasi - (You) dwell
सरामि sarAmi - (I) move
गच्छति gachChati - (He) goes
अद्ति adti - (He) eats
नयति nayati - (He) leads
बोधामि bodhAmi - (I) understand
भवति bhavati - (He/ She/ It) is
अत्ति atti - (He) eats
अस्ति asti - is

Wednesday, September 21, 2011

First Book of Sanskrit - Lesson I - 02

i. In the first conjugation अ is added to the root
ii. Prior to that the final vowel and the penultimate short of roots take their गुण (guNa) substitute

The गुण (guNa) function is defined as follows:

guNa [इ, ई ] --> ए
guNa [उ,ऊ ] --> ओ
guNa [ऋ, ॠ ] --> अर्
guNa [ऌ ] --> अल्

Example
first conjugation[ भू ] => भ् + guNa[ऊ] + अ = भ् + ओ + अ = भव्

Tuesday, September 20, 2011

First Book of Sanskrit - Lesson I - 01

Parasmaipada - Present Tense - Singular Termination

Roots of the First Conjugation
गम् गच्छ् - gam gachCh - to go
नी नय् - nI nay - to lead, to carry
पत् - pat - to fall
बुध् बोध् - budh bodh - to know, to understand
भू भव् - bhU bhav - to be, to become
रक्ष् - rax - to protect
वद् - vad - to speak
वस् - vas - to reside
सृ सर् - sRRi sar - to move

Tuesday, August 23, 2011

Vedic - 003 - Common Roots

Some commonly found verb roots are:

प्रछ्
प्रछ् / praCh - To ask, question, interrogate, invoke
पृच्छति - Asks/ asking (3rd Person, active voice)
पृष्ट - Asked/ invoked/ interrogated

Note: पृष्टस् --> पृष्टः --> पृष्टो / pRRiShTas --> pRRiShTaH --> pRRiShTo

विश्
विश् / vish - to enter, go into
आ विवेश - has entered

सच्
सच् /sach - to be associated or united with / to accompany
सचन्ताम् / sachantAm - 3rd person middle imperative - may they attend

मंह्
मंह् / maMh - to give/ grant/ bestow / effect. bring about
मामहन्ताम् / mAmahantAm - 3rd person middle imperative - may they effect / facilitate

Friday, August 19, 2011

Vedic - 002 - Personal Pronoun

1st Person

Nom: अहम् - I / वयम् - We
RV 4.42.2: अहं राजा वरुणः --> ahaM rAjA varuNaH --> I am King Varuna
RV 7.41.4: वयं देवानां सुमतौ स्याम --> vayaM devAnAM sumatau syAma --> we/ of Gods/ in favor/ may be -> May we be in the favor of the Gods

Acc: माम्, मा - me/ अस्मान्, नस् - Us
Inst: मया - by me/ अस्माभिस् - by us

Dat: मह्य, मह्यम्, मे - to, for me/ अस्माभ्यम्, अस्मे, नस् - to, for us
RV 1.24.12: तद् इन् नक्तं तद् दिवा मह्यम् आहुः -- tad in naktaM tad divA mahyam AhuH -- that / by night/ that / by day/ to me / - That indeed they have said to me by night/ that by day

नक्त - Night / नक्तम् - By Night
Abl: मत् - from me / अस्मत् - from us
Gen: मम, मे - mine / अस्माकम्, नस् - ours
Loc: मयि - in me/ अस्मासु, अस्मे - in us

2nd Person:
Nom: त्वम् - You / यूयम् - You all
RV 1.63.3: त्वं सत्य इन्द्र - tvaM satya indra - You O Indra, are true

Acc:
त्वाम्, त्वा / युष्मान्, वस्
RV 8.92.27: त्वां नक्षन्त नो गिरः - tvAM nakShanta no giraH - You / reach/ our/ song
नस् --> नो
गिर् - Speech, voice, song
नक्ष् - To come near, approach, reach

Ins: त्वया - By you / युष्माभिस् - By you all
Dat: तुभ्य, तुभ्यम्, ते - To or for you / युष्मभ्यम्, वस् - To or for you all
RV 9.86.30: तुभ्येमा विश्व भुवनानि येमिरे - tubhyemA vishva bhuvanAni yemir - For you/ all/ beings/ stretch out

Abl: तत् - From you/ युष्मत् - From you all
Gen: (Your) तव, ते / युष्माकम्, वस्
Loc: त्वे - In you/ युष्मे - In you all

(WIP)

Vedic - 001 - The Root अस्

अस् - as - to be

Present Indicative
3rd Person: अस्ति स्तस् सन्ति
2nd Person: असि स्थस् स्थ
1st Person: अस्मि स्वस् स्मसि

Optative
1st person: स्याम् - May I ... स्याम - May we all

Imperative
3rd Person: अस्तु - May it be सन्तु - May it all be

RV 10.40.6
युवं कवी स्थः -> yuvaM kavI sthaH -> You two / sages/ are -> You two are sages.

RV 1.98.3
तव तत् सत्यम् अस्तु -> tava tat satyam astu -> of you/ it/ true/ may (it) be -> May it be true of you

Source: http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/general/facultyhomes/karen.html

Wednesday, August 17, 2011

अव्

अव् - av - favor
to drive , impel , animate (as a car)
Ved. to promote , favour , (chiefly Ved.) to satisfy , refresh
(said of the gods) to be pleased with , like , accept favorably (as sacrifices , prayers or hymns)

Present
अवति

Perfect
आविथ

Aorist
अवित्

Monday, August 15, 2011

ऋ ऋछ्

ऋ/ ऋछ् - RRi/ RRiCh - go, send

Present
ऋच्छति - Move
इयर्ति - Move, Raise, erect, excite
Example: कनिक्रदज्जनुषं प्रब्रुवाण इयर्ति वाचमरितेव नावम् (RV 2.42)
इयर्ति वाचं - He raises his voice
ऋणोति, ऋण्वति

Perefct
आर

Future
अरिष्यति

Aorist
आरत् , आर्षीत्

Sunday, June 26, 2011

Verb - Mood - Optative - लिङ्

Optative Mood - Should or May

Third: पठेत् पठेताम् पठेयः
Second: पठेः पठेतम् पठेत
First: पठेयम् पठेव पठेम

रामः पठेत् - Ram should read.
बालकौ पठेताम् - The two boys should read.
बालकाः पठेयः - The boys should read.
त्वम् पठेः - You should read.
युवां पठेतम् - You two should read.
युयं पठेत - You all should read.
अहं पठेयम् - I should read.
आवां पठेव - We two should read.
वयं पठेम- We all should read.

Verb - Mood - Imperative - लोट्

Imperative - Command and Request

परस्मैपद
Third: पठतु पठताम् पठन्तु
Second: पठ पठतम् पठत
First: पठानि पठाव पठाम

Examples
रामः पठतु - Let Ram read.
बालकौ पठताम् - Let the two boys read.
बालकाः पठन्तु - Let all the boys read.
त्वम् गच्छ - You go.
युवां गच्छतम् - You two go.
युयं पठत - You all read.
अहं पठानि - Let me read.
आवां पठाव - Let us two read.
वयं पठाम - Let us all read.

आत्मनेपद

3rd Person: मोदताम् मोदेताम् मोदन्ताम्
2nd Person: मोदस्व मोदेथाम् मोदध्वम्
1st Person: मोदै मोदावहै मोदामहै

Illustration
सह नाववतु । सह नौ भुनक्तु । सह वीर्यं करवावहै । तेजस्विनावधीतमस्तु मा विद्विषावहै ।

After removing sandhis:

सह नौ अवतु । सह नौ भुनक्तु । सह वीर्यं करवावहै । तेजस्वि नौ अधीतम् अस्तु मा विद्विषावहै ।

अवतु - 3rd Person singular परस्मैपदी root - (let it) favor. Root = अव्
भुनक्तु - 3rd Person singular परस्मैपदी root - (let it) (give) enjoyment. Root = भुज्
करवावहै - 1st Person dual आत्मनेपदी root - (let us two) do/ strive
विद्विषावहै - 1st Person dual आत्मनेपदी root - (let us two) quarrel

Meaning:

(Let it) favor two of us together. (Let it) bestow enjoyment on the two of us together. Let us two together do brave deeds. Let us two become brilliant in studies and not quarrel.

Verb - Tense - Future - Certain (lRRiT/ लृट्)

Root Type: Parasmaipada / परस्मैपद

Root: गम् (to go)
Infix : ष्य

3rd Person: गमिष्यति गमिष्यतः गमिष्यन्ति
2nd Person: गमिष्यसि गमिष्यथः गमिष्यथ
1st Person: गमिष्यामि गमिष्यावः गमिष्यामः

Verb Forms

Verb Usage - 6 Tenses and 4 moods
1. Tense
1.1. Present Tense (laT/ लट्)
1.1.a. Parasmaipada
1.1.b. Atmanepada
1.2. Past Tense
1.2.1. Simple / Imperfect (la~N/ लङ्)
1.2.1.a. Parasmaipada
1.2.1.b. Atmanepada
1.2.2. Aorist (lu~N/ लुङ्)
1.2.2.a. Parasmaipada
1.2.2.b. Atmanepada
1.2.3. Perfect (liT/ लिट्)
1.2.3.a. Parasmaipada
1.2.3.b. Atmanepada
1.3. Future Tense
1.3.1. Likely (luT/ लुट्)
1.3.1.a. Parasmaipada
1.3.1.b. Atmanepada
1.3.2. Certain (lRRiT/ लृट्)
1.3.2.a. Parasmaipada
1.3.2.b. Atmanepada
2. Mood
2.1. Conditional (lRRi~N/ लृङ्)
2.2. Potential (vighili~N/ विघिलिङ्)
2.3. Benedictive (AshIrli~N/ आशीर्लिङ्)
2.4. Imperative (loT/ लोट्)

Tuesday, June 21, 2011

Declensions of Feminine Nouns

Ending with आ - लता
----------------------
Nominative: लता लते लताः
Accusative: लताम् लते लताः
Instrumental: लतया लताभ्याम् लताभिः
Dative: लतायै लताभ्याम् लताभ्यः
Ablative: लतायाः लताभ्याम् लताभ्यः
Genitive: लतायाः लतयोः लतानाम्
Locative: लतायाम् लतयोः लतासु

Ending with ई नदी
----------------------
Nominative: नदी नदौ नद्यः
Accusative: नदीम् नदौ नदीः
Instrumental: नद्या नदीभ्याम् नदीभिः
Dative: नद्यै नदीभ्याम् नदीभ्यः
Ablative: नद्याः नदीभ्याम् नदीभ्यः
Genitive: नद्याः नद्योः नदीनाम्
Locative: नद्याम् नद्योः नदीषु

Monday, June 20, 2011

First Conjugation

1. Roots having a short medial vowel like पत्, बुध्, कृष्
Step 1: Apply a guna transformation of the short medial vowel
पत् -> पत्
बुध् -> बोध्
कृष् -> कर्ष्
Step 2: Add an अ to the end
पत् + अ -> पत
बोध् + अ -> बोध
कर्ष् + अ -> कर्ष

2. Roots having a long medial vowel like जीव् , निन्द्
Add an अ to the end
जीव् + अ = जीव
निन्द् + अ = निन्द

3. Roots having a final vowel short or long like जि, भू , सृ
Step 1: Apply a guna transformation of the final vowel
जि -> जे
भू -> भो
सृ -> सर्
Step 2: Add an अ to the end and apply sandhi rule
जे + अ => जय् + अ = जय
भो + अ => भव् + अ = भव
सर् + अ => सर

Sunday, June 19, 2011

Genitive Case

Text: वर्णानं ब्राह्मणः श्रेष्ठः
ITRANS: varNAnaM brAhmaNaH shreShThaH
Translation: Among the divisions, the brahman is the greatest.

More to follow ....

Saturday, June 18, 2011

Declensions of Masculine Nouns

Ending with अ - नृप
----------------------
Nominative: नृपः नृपौ नृपाः
Accusative: नृपम् नृपौ नृपान्
Instrumental: नृपेण नृपाभ्याम् नृपैः
Dative: नृपाय नृपाभ्याम् नृपेभ्यः
Ablative: नृपात् नृपाभ्याम् नृपेभ्यः
Genitive: नृपस्य नृपयोः नृपाणाम्
Locative: नृपे नृपयोः नृपेषु

Ending with इ - हरि
----------------------
Nominative: हरिः हरी हरयः
Accusative: हरिम् हरी हरीन्
Instrumental: हरिणा हरिभ्याम् हरिभिः
Dative: हरये हरिभ्याम् हरिभ्यः
Ablative: हरेः हरिभ्याम् हरिभ्यः
Genitive: हरेः हर्योः हरीणाम्
Locative: हरौ हर्योः हरिषु

Ending with ऋ - नेतृ
----------------------
Nominative: नेता नेतारौ नेतारः
Accusative: नेतारम् नेतारौ नेर्तान्
Instrumental: नेत्रा नेतृभ्याम् नेतृभिः
Dative: नेत्रे नेतृभ्याम् नेतृभ्यः
Ablative:नेतुः नेतृभ्याम् नेतृभ्यः
Genitive: नेतुः नेत्रोः नेर्ताणाम्
Locative: नेतरि नेत्रोः नेतृषु

Friday, June 17, 2011

Noun Declensions

Masculine
Ending with अ - राम, नर, कूर्म, वृक्ष, गज
Ending with इ - अग्नि, कपि, हरि, व्याधि, पाणि
Ending with उ - इषु, गुरु, तरु, परशु, बाहु
Endinh with ऋ - त्वष्टृ, धातृ, नृ, देवृ, पितृ

Feminine
Ending with आ - कथा, कला, कन्या, क्षमा, लज्जा
Ending with ई - सहचरी, नारी, जननी, कुमारी, अरुन्धती

Neuter

Thursday, June 16, 2011

Sanskrit Grammar

Number
Singular (एकवचन), Dual, Plural (बहुवचन)

Person
First, Second, Third

Tense
Present, Past, Future

Gender
Masculine, Feminine, Neuter

Case
Nominative, Accusative, Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, Genitive, Locative

Verb Conjugations
1st (भ्वादि), 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th

Voice
Active / परस्मैपदी, Middle / आत्मनेपदी, Ubhayapada (Both)